The Office of Institutional Research and Assessment (OIRA) provides official, accurate, unbiased, and useful data to support institutional planning, assessment, decision-making and reporting obligations.

As such, the OIRA is the leader for student academic as well as administrative and operational data. The office provides services and training in research design, business intelligence and data visualization.

We collaborate with all members of the campus community and strive to provide high quality service. The office is guided by our belief in curiosity, continuous improvement and refinement of our expertise, reliability, and efficiency.

• Ten Years of Research into the Student Experience
  This paper has links to the research papers included in the topics below that trace out the experience of LaGuardia students and the college’s limited success in supporting students along the path to graduation. The papers highlight the role of the college in transforming students from uncommitted learners to serious, successful graduates. The paper ends with a discussion of the need for further research.   

• Analysis of Students Who Take More Than 2 Courses Or More Than 9 Credits In Session II
  In this report we examine the academic record of students who took more than two courses or nine equated credits, contrary to normal LaGuardia policy (most had permission, however). These students represent only 3% of all students taking Session 2 courses. We examined the GPA of students enrolled in the 2010-11 academic year. These students, who self-select for a high course or credit load in Session 2, appear to be doing well academically, while earning more credits and moving closer to graduation.   
• Efficient Progress toward Degree -- Credits Not Required for Graduation by Major
  In this report we found that 20% of the students registered for LaGuardia classes in Spring 2012 had registered for at least one course that did not fulfill any of their degree requirements, according to the DegreeWorks data fields. In this report we show the proportion of students who are taking non-required courses within each academic major.   
• The Impact of Slower Academic Progress in One Semester
  In this study we looked at a group of students who began together as a freshmen cohort and made steady progress, but some of whom then slowed down. Even though all students had earned at least 30 credits after three semesters, those who then earned fewer than 12 credits in their fourth semester (but more than zero), were 16% less likely to either be retained or graduate in the fifth semester. Slowing down may be a sign of approaching difficulty for some students.   
• The Relationship between Student Time Allocation Decisions and Outcomes
  This paper describes an interactive model that simulates retention data from LaGuardia Community College and the College of Staten Island. The model mathematically mimics the findings in Michalowski’s interview-based research on LaGuardia students: 1) Stressful life events happen to everyone at about the same rate; 2) A low level of preparation makes it harder to stay in college and graduate; 3) Students who experience an intervention are more likely to graduate; and 4) The more a student studies, the more likely it is that the student will graduate. The model may be used to help students and advisors understand the relationship between time spent studying, working and seeking help and probabilities of graduation.   
• Class Absence, GPA and Returning Next Semester
  This report presents the relationships between absence rates, GPA and next semester return rates. We show that rates of absence from classes negatively correlate with GPA for those college-level classes in which attendance was regularly taken. Rates of absence and GPA separately and together predict whether a student will return for the next semester. In fact, GPA and absence rate combined predict return rates quite well. Non-return is very well predicted by very high rates of absence and low GPA, but few students in any semester are in that category. When GPA is high and absence rates low, non-academic factors still come into play and predicting retention is compromised.   
• When Do Students Drop/Stop Out: After Completing the Semester or During the Semester?
  In this study we examine the last date of attendance of students in the Fall 2011 semester who failed to return for the Spring 2012 semester (and who did not graduate or transfer). The results show that the great majority of students decide to stop attending after the end of the semester. Loses during the semester are smaller, but not trivial, however.   
• Financial and Other Pressures Preventing Attendance
  In this study we demonstrate that students who eventually dropout are much more likely in any given semester to be taking one or more semesters off in their academic careers, compared to those who eventually graduate. Stopping out and attending part-time appear to be symptoms of pressures that will eventually prevent a student from graduating. A third symptom that may also be related to the amount of time available for school and studying is cumulative GPA. We also show how financial pressures appear to be a primary motivating force for students to stop out.   
• The Connection Between Graduation and GPA, Part-time Attendance and Stopping Out
  For this study we asked students why they had not registered for the coming semester, three weeks in advance of the first day of classes. We targeted students who were enrolled in the current semester. Approximately half who did not intend to register gave finances as the primary reason. About one-quarter had difficulties with LaGuardia, and another one-quarter had academic or life challenges beyond LaGuardia.   
• High GPA Students Leaving LaGuardia
  This report examines the one-semester return rate of enrolled degree students with GPAs greater than or equal to 3.00. We found that in every semester around 15% of this high GPA students did not return in the follow semester and never graduated.   
• Help-Seeking Behavior and Predictions of Retention
  At LaGuardia, most entering students are asked to take an initial questionnaire to identify areas in which they need extra help. The survey results can be used to shape and implement intervention efforts. In this paper we study the impact of help-seeking behavior on students' retention. After controlling for demographic variations and academic preparation, we found that students more willing to ask for assistance were more likely to be retained to the following semesters. Help-seeking was also positively associated with other longer-term retention predictors, such as grade point average and first semester credits earned.   
• Presentation: Time is the Enemy: Why Developmental Students Do Not Graduate
  
  In this video we compare students who are required to take differing numbers of developmental or pre-college-level (non-degree) courses. The more courses a student must take at the developmental level, the less likely the student is to graduate. We tested several theories as to why this might be. We found that developmental students do not drop out any faster than non-developmental students, nor do they have lower GPA's. They do, however, take longer to accumulate credits toward a degree, exposing them to the same problems that all our students face each semester on their way to graduation. The longer the path, the higher the exposure.   
• Employment and Wage Patterns of Enrolled LaGuardia Students
  In this study we looked at New York State Department of Labor wage records of LaGuardia students. Among LaGuardia degree students beginning as freshmen, employment and constant dollar wages fell from 2004 to 2012, when the number of semester enrolled at LaGuardia was held constant. Nevertheless, students who began as freshmen became increasingly more likely to be employed, and they appeared to work more hours, the longer they attended LaGuardia. Students who were not working appeared more likely to graduate in any given semester.   
• An Analysis of Return Rates by Whether First-Year Freshmen Passed or Failed Particular Courses, 2007-2012
  In this paper we look at differences in drop-out rates (defined as not returning the following fall semester) among first-year students by first-year courses taken. We first looked for courses with high numbers of students who dropped out after taking each course and high numbers of students who dropped out after failing the course. We then looked for courses where the rate of dropping out was high after failing the course, indicating that course failure was somehow communicating to students that they should not be in college. We also looked at these rates normalized after deducting the rate for those who passed the course. We also re-ran the rates excluding failures where the student stopped attending and received a WU, failing grade. While freshman seminar and developmental course failure lead to large numbers of students dropping out, introductory courses in the humanities and social sciences had the highest net rates of drop out after failure. These courses may be particularly disheartening for students to fail.   
• Background Radiation: Doing Well at LaGuardia and Dropping Out
  Challenges that students face because of prior academic preparation and time availability to study for and attend classes add greatly to the probability of dropping out, especially in the first two semesters. Even students not facing any of these challenges are dropping out in later semesters at a rate that approaches seven percent of the remaining cohort each semester. This study examines true drop outs, excluding early transfers and stop outs from those considered to be dropping out. First-time students with a higher GPA, going full-time and not needing any developmental courses were considered to be "doing well."   
• Drop Out Warning Signs
  Most students at LaGuardia exhibit warning signs that they are under the sorts of stresses that can cause them to drop out. This essay details some of these warning signs and measures the retention rates associated with them singly and in combination. Improving retention may rest on how systematically the college is able to respond to these symptoms of stress. The warning signs studied include: skipping orientation, registering in the last few weeks before the start of the semester, avoiding freshman seminar, attending part-time, being absent from all classes, lower GPA, and not receiving financial aid after receiving it in the previous semester.   
• Late Registration and Student Success (GPA)
  In this study the connection between late registration behavior and lower term GPA is demonstrated after controlling for demographic and time variables.   
• Delayed and Late Registration Counts
  In this study the numbers of students continuing to register late is demonstrated.   
• As Each Week of Registration Passes
  In this paper we look at the probability that a student will not return if they have not yet registered by week during the registration period for Spring 2015. As registration continues, the concentration of non-returning students increases in the not-yet-registered pool. By the tenth week of registration, more than half the not-yet registered students will not return. These statistics have implications for “last ditch” retention efforts. Any outreach program targeted to not-yet-registered students has a high probability of finding a student intent on discontinuing his or her schooling.   
• Day and Evening Attendance and Return Rates
  In this analysis we examine whether return rate varied by when students took classes. Evening only students appeared to have a disadvantage until we controlled for part-time status. Even after controlling for part-time status, however, men who took only evening classes and were part-time had a lower return rate than day only part-time, male students. We postulate that this disadvantage may result from the lower help-seeking characteristic of men and the lesser availability of services in the evening.   
• Return Rate F15 to F16
  Fifty-nine percent of the Fall 2015 degree students who did not graduate either Fall 2015 or Spring 2016 returned for classes in Fall 2016. In this paper we show the return rates for various categories of students. Lower return rates are seen for part-time, male, and new students. Students who owed money to the college at the end of Fall 2015 also had some of the lowest return rates.   
• Students Who Drop Out So Effectively that They Don't Count as Students
  In this study we show the large number of students who withdraw from all course at the beginning of the semester. In this study we attempt to show the timing of student decisions to leave college. 
  
   
• SEMS 2015-16 Usage Report
  In this report we explore data generated by the SEMS (Student Enrollment Management System), the college’s office check-in system. Each check-in generates a “ticket.” The tickets analyzed were generated during the academic year 2015-16. The report answers questions like: How many students visited a particular office or lab? How long was the average visit? What was their return rate to the next semester? What was the most common reason for the visit? What “Reasons” are associated with the lowest return rates?  


• Some Notes on Momentum
  In this paper we examine a number of possible definitions of momentum. In terms of course load, the paper notes that the decline in load comes almost entirely from ceasing to take developmental courses after the initial semesters. The average student takes about three three-credit college level courses each semester with no decline in college-level load.  


• Course Failures
  This paper gives data on course failure by level (31% of all below-100 level courses end in failure), credit load of the courses, department, credit load of the student, and student major. During Fall 2015 and Spring 2016, 16% of all course attempts ended in failure. The data on student credit load gives some weight to the argument that students should take heavier loads, although the causality is not clear. If students are making decisions about how to balance the demands of their lives and pass courses, then students taking heavier loads are making better decisions.  


• A Simple Predictor of Next Semester Retention: Passing Courses
  This paper demonstrates the connection between passing classes and one-semester return (or graduation). Only 29% of students who failed to pass any classes returned, while 90% of students who passed four classes returned the next semester. Return is less sensitive to the proportion of classes passed than it is to the number passed.  
  
• Towards a Comprehensive Model of Community College Student Progress - The Role of Critical Junctures
  In this study we develop the results of 50 interviews of students who dropped out, stopped out or changed from full-time to part-time attendance. The study documents the kinds of pressures that caused students to lower their enrollment intensity. While all students described on-going pressures, in many cases a crisis event precipitated the need to decrease time at school. These events are called critical junctures. The study notes that many of these critical junctures are viewed by these students as problems created by LaGuardia. 
  
• Momentum Absorbers: Measuring the Impact of Part-time, Course Failure, Basic Skills, Stopping Out, and Moot Courses
  In this paper we show that the primary reasons that students do not earn 15 degree credits each semester are 1) attending part-time, 2) taking developmental courses, and 3) failing degree courses. We show that stopping out and taking moot courses have a much smaller impact. 
  

• The PMP and Characteristics of Graduating Students: Factors Related to Years to Graduation
  Only 22% of LaGuardia’s 2,227 graduates from 2010‐11 were counted in any CUNY Performance Management Report’s six‐year graduation rate measure, because of disqualifications of transfer students, spring semester start dates, time to graduation, and initial part-time status. The paper also examines the role of various predictors of the number of semesters necessary to graduate, including test results, average credit load, GPA, financial aid, the number of majors, and the number of failed courses.  
• Why Did Only 55% of Fall 2010 Students with 45 or More Earned Credits Graduate in Two Semesters
  In this report we examine the disposition of the 45% of students who began the Fall 2010 semester with at least 45 earned credits and did not graduate within two semesters. Slow rates of earning credits (part-time status) meant that many of these students are still attending. Nevertheless, 14% who began with at least 45 credits transferred to another college during the year, while 10% stopped attending.  
• Six‐year Graduation Rate of Students Testing into Developmental Education
  The six-year graduation rate of new students (freshmen and transfer-in students) for Fall 2005 is 27.2%. Students who tested out of basic skill requirements graduated at a 36.6% rate, while those requiring basic skills coursework graduated at a 23.1% rate. We also discuss a failed attempt to find comparable national data.  
• Update on the Proportions of Students with GEDs and GED Graduation Rates
  This report notes the declining proportion of students who come to LaGuardia with a GED. This report also notes that students with GEDs are less likely to graduate than students with a high school diploma, although that gap may be decreasing. The study indicates that inferior math preparation is the cause of the gap and that GED math preparation may be improving.   
• Presentation on Graduation Goals at LaGuardia -- Part I
  This video presents statistics on graduation rates for students in a cohort and then the rates for this cohort split into two groups : those who end their LaGuardia career with a 2.00 GPA or better and those who end with a GPA under 2.00. It ends with a look at how these graduation rates would have to change to move LaGuardia toward a goal of a 50% improvement (4 1/2 minutes).  
• Presentation on Graduation Goals at LaGuardia -- Part II
  This video presents statistics on graduation rates for students in a cohort and then the rates for this cohort split into two groups : those who end their LaGuardia career with a 2.00 GPA or better and those who end with a GPA under 2.00. It presents the numbers of students by semester of enrollment who must be helped to stay in college in order to meet this goal (2 1/2 minutes).  
• Full Graduation Rate of the Fall 2005 New Student Cohort
  Using semester by semester reports from the National Clearinghouse on the Fall 2005 new student cohort, we determined whether members of the cohort were enrolled and whether they had graduated. Besides the 28% who graduated from LaGuardia, another 8% had graduated from other institutions without having graduated from LaGuardia first. Although eight years have gone by, 10% of that cohort is still enrolled without degrees. The potential graduation rate is therefore 46%, if all those still enrolled graduate.   
• The Limited Impact of Basic Skills Failure on Student Progress
  In this study we show that, if all students who tried twice to pass their developmental courses and failed had passed instead and gone on to graduation, our graduation rate would increase by six percentage points. Far larger numbers of students drop out before trying twice to pass developmental requirements, while many also drop out after successfully completing their developmental requirements.   
• Changing Majors and Time to Graduation
  Enrollment and GPA data on 1,452 Spring 2014 graduates was used to measure time to graduation. Students who changed major outside of their original major Council (a group of similar majors, grouped together for advising purposes) required 1.5 more active semesters to graduate for each major change. Students with lower GPA's also tended to change majors more often. Students majoring in the Health Sciences tended to take longer to reach graduation, regardless of the number of major changes.   
• ESL Students Who Have Graduated from US High Schools Much Less Likely to Graduate from LaGuardia
  Students from the Fall 2009 ESL cohort who graduated from US high schools had a lower six-year graduation rate than students in that ESL cohort who came with a foreign diploma, especially those on a student visa. The placement of these students into ESL levels was similar.   
• Measuring Student Momentum, Credits Earned per Semester and more
  In this study we examine the rates at which students who began in fall 2010 semester accumulated credits and quality points (credits times course grade) by their outcome six years later: graduate; early transfer; still attending; or drop out. The most important finding of the paper is the wide difference between those who graduate and the other groups, beginning with the first semester, in the accumulation of credits and the level of GPA. Those who graduate also appear to get developmental requirements out of the way quickly.  
  
• Graduation Rate and Changing Major
  In this study we look at the graduation rate of students who began as first-time, full-time students, stayed for at least three semesters, and never changed major after the third semester. Although earlier research showed a longer time to graduation for those who change majors, the actual graduation rate among this group was higher for those who changed majors twice in three semesters and lowest for those who never changed. Changing majors may signal that a student is actively seeking a successful path to graduation. 
  
• Persistence and Transformation: The Other Factors in Reaching Graduation
  In this paper we show that although the majority of LaGuardia graduates “start fast and run hard,” 30% of the 2015-16 LaGuardia graduates either began part-time, began with a first-semester GPA below 2.00 or took more than six years to graduate. If these students represent a successful transformation against the odds, then we begin with about half our new students needing a transformation and succeed with about one in five. 
  
• Analysis of Fall 2011 and Fall 2012 Three Year Graduation Rates
  In this paper we show that the one-year increase in the LaGuardia three-year graduation rate of students who began as first-time, full-time was largely a result of the increase in ASAP and CUNYStart populations in the Fall 2012 cohort, compared to Fall 2011. The ASAP cohort has a much higher three-year graduation rate, while CUNYStart’s effect seems to be the removal of students from the cohort who would have left after one semester had they directly entered a degree-seeking cohort. (While CUNYStart’s effect appears slightly positive on those who matriculate, see “Using a Uniform Retention Assessment Methodology on Interventions and Other Identifiable Groups,” p. 2, the program has not been in existence long enough with enough students enrolled to show up in graduation rate statistics.) 
  

• Academic Majors Data Report: Fall 2011
  In this set of tables, we present data on student characteristics by major, including: proportions by gender, proportions by race ethnicity, average proportion full-time, average credits attempted, average equated credits attempted, average age, average proportion foreign born, average proportion non-native English speakers, average cumulative GPA, average credits earned, average credits attempted, proportion of students with transfer credits, earned credits distribution, proportion passing each developmental test, proportion passing all developmental tests, and proportions of students changing in and out of each major.   
• How Many Students Change Major and When
  In this paper we examine the number and timing of major changes by the new student cohort from Fall 2005 over their first six years at LaGuardia. Students in this cohort had on average 1.4 majors during the six years. Only 13% changed major after the start of the second semester. Liberal Arts majors did not dominate the “change out” statistics among student major changes.   
• Ranking Majors on Progress Toward Degree: Fall 2010 and Spring 2011
  This paper combines the results of two other papers detailing progress-toward-degree measures (also shown in this section of the IR&A website). A simple scoring mechanism was used in this paper to rank the success of various academic majors in moving students toward their degree. The measures include average rates of student graduation within a year, retention to the next year and earned credit accumulation.   
• Graduation or Return/Graduation Rates by Major: Fall 2010 to Fall 2011
  This paper shows the success of various academic majors in graduating or retaining students during the academic year 2010-11. Students were grouped according to credits earned at the start of the year. The measure for students beginning with 45 or more credits was graduation within the year. Retention to Fall 2011 was added for students in brackets with beginning earned credit levels below 45.  
• Two-Semester Average Credits Earned by Major by Starting Credits Earned Level: Fall 2010 and Spring 2011
  This paper gives the average rate of credit accumulation over two semesters by major. To make comparisons among majors more relevant, students who began within certain credits-earned levels were examined separately. For the categories below 30 credits, credit accumulation measures included equated credits, allowing the inclusion in the comparison of students making progress against developmental requirements in the two lower brackets.    
• Getting to the Degree: LaGCC 2009-10 Graduates and Credits Attempted & Transferred
  In this report we show the average number of credits, including developmental and failed credits, a graduate attempts and earns by major, as well as the number of credits earned by the average graduate at other institutions. The graduates in some majors take larger numbers of developmental courses. The number of credits lost to failure also varies by major.    
• 45 Credit initiative -- Graduation Tracking Graphs
  A goal of the Tortora Silcox Family Foundation grant of scholarship funding for students approaching graduation who face potential financial barriers is to raise graduation rates of students within 15 credits of graduation and to assist in building advising teams made up of faculty and advisors to these students. These tables show the history of cumulative graduation rates by council (the guiding group for a collection of teams for each major) for each cohort that enters the "within 15 credits of graduation" realm.    
• Two-semester Return Goal Setting
  In this presentation we discuss how we developed a formula to predict the probability that any group of students will return or graduate in two semesters. We used three semester cohorts of students and stepwise logistic regression to develop the predictive model. We then used the model to demonstrate the effectiveness of interventions by area and by advising teams focused on particular majors. In many cases the work of the intervention had a positive effect and the Fall 2014 students returned to Fall 2015 at rates higher than predicted. We are also using the model to set targets for advising teams and other intervention projects with Fall 2015 degree students.    

• The Loss of Credits When Transferring from LaGuardia to Other CUNY Colleges A Myth?
  We looked at CUNY Office of Institutional Research & Assessment records of students who had transferred from LaGuardia to other CUNY colleges (both four‐year and two‐year) beginning Fall 2007. LaGuardia students who transferred before earning their degree lost on average 5.8 of 46.5 credits, while those with degrees lost 6.6 of 68.3 credits. The data does not provide information on whether the transferred credits had been applied toward degree requirements, however.  
• Transfer Statistics for the Barnard Intercollegiate Program
  Using National Clearinghouse data, the transfer destination colleges of 20 years of Barnard Intercollegiate Program (ICP) participants were studied. Three hundred LaGuardia students were listed as former participants. Two hundred graduated from LaGuardia and, of these, 67.5% transferred to four-year colleges. In all, 185 of the 300 transferred to another college.   
• When Do Students Transfer Early at LaGuardia and How Many Are There?
  This paper contains a series of graphs showing the number and proportion of students who transfer from LaGuardia before receiving their degree. It looks at the Fall 2006 cohort and the semester-by-semester numbers.    
• Graph of the Advantage of Transferring with a Degree
  This graph shows the 26% higher baccalaureate graduation rate of students from the Fall 2005 new student cohort who transferred to four-year institutions AFTER earning a LaGuardia degree than those who transferred early. Students were followed using Clearinghouse data for eight years after their Fall 2005 entry to LaGuardia.  
• Destinations of Fall 2012 through Fall 2014 LaGCC Graduates
  The colleges to which LaGuardia Fall 2012 through Fall 2014 graduates transferred are available in this report. Majors and options are grouped to make the report easier to read. These groupings are shown in the final section of the report. The report shows transfer college destination by college then by major.  
• LaGCC Grads and Transfer Success to CUNY BABS Programs
  In this report we present a summary of a new online table now available on our website. We examined the rate of graduation from a CUNY BA/BS program of LaGuardia transfers within six years of starting at LaGuardia. The summary report shows that early transfers (before graduation) of LaGCC students have slightly more credits disallowed for use in their BA/BS major, but finish in slightly less time. The results are shown both individually and combined for students who begin at LaGuardia and those who transfer in. Also shown separately and combined are the results for students who received a LaGuardia degree and those who transferred early.  
• Early Transfers vs Post-graduate Transfers from LaGCC to CUNY Baccalaureate
  This paper examines how well LaGuardia associate’s graduates do after transfer compared to the college’s early transfer students. While getting a degree at LaGuardia continues to give an advantage, the advantage is uneven across the CUNY campuses to which our students transfer and across the majors from which our students come. City and Hunter do not appear to be good places to go after you get your degree at LaGuardia. BA/BS graduation rates within six years are higher for those who have transferred from LaGuardia early at these colleges. In most other cases, students can improve their chances for graduation by completing their degree at LaGuardia.  

• Results of a Survey of Grants Development Office Clients
  This report presents a portion of an assessment of an office at LaGuardia. The Grants Development Office surveyed clients on the effectiveness of the service they provided during both the grant development and grant management phases of their work. This report gives the results of the survey along with additional suggestions and kudos provided by responding clients.  
• A Broader Look at Five-Year PMP Trends and LaGuardia’s Performance
  This paper tests whether the University, CUNY community colleges and LaGuardia improved their performance over time as measured by the PMP (Performance Management Program). If producing and publicizing these measures was a reasonable way of managing a university, then we would expect to see broad improvement. The paper shows that 40% of the measures at all three levels from LaGuardia up to the university demonstrated improvement. Given the heavy emphasis on year-to-year improvement, 40% seems reasonable. Nevertheless, there is so much uniformity among the trends that LaGuardia did not appear to "improve" any more than the average community college.  
• Relationship between Pct of Full time Faculty and Quality
  This presentation attempts to use the CUNY PMP (Performance Management Process) indicators to chart the relationship between a general decrease in the proportion of student course hours taught by full-time faculty and other indicators of quality. No relationships were noted. Enrollment increase was clearly a driving factor. Turning the PMP indicators into indexes allowed aggregation of similar indicators to smooth trends.  
• Differences in Salaries among Fall 2005 LaGuardia Freshman by Outcome and Council
  In this study we gathered quarterly wage data on the cohort of new students who entered LaGuardia in Fall 2005. The New York State Unemployment data does not include wages earned out of state or under the table. We found that the highest average wages belonged to students the year after graduating with a baccalaureate. These students more than tripled their pre-college earnings in the year after graduation. The second highest average wages belonged to students in the year after earning an associate’s without going on to receive a baccalaureate. The year after graduation these students made more than five times what they made in the year before initial matriculation. The students with the highest average wages in the year before Fall 2005 were the students who did not graduate. Those with the lowest pre-college earnings went on to get baccalaureates. Students who are still attending without a degree have made more, on average, while attending college than the other groups. Among groups of majors, STEM baccalaureate graduates had the highest average wages.  
• The Impact of Enrollment Restrictions on Hybrid Course Pass Rates
  In this report we tested whether restrictions to enrollment in online courses should remain by examining course failure rates of matched courses during Fall 13 and Spring 14. Online courses are restricted to students who are not in their first semester, have a GPA at or above a 2.00, who have completed all developmental requirements and not taking other online courses. Because many students enrolled in these courses in violation of the restrictions, there was sufficient data for hybrid courses but not for fully online courses to draw conclusions. Students taking more than one hybrid course did not perform worse than students taking more than one. Students who violated the other restrictions, however, performed significantly worse in hybrid courses than non-hybrid courses.  
• A Comparison of Student Grades in Math 096 Between Two Online Software Platforms
  Eight sections of Math 096 taught by full-time faculty provided 469 student records. Of these 200 students used the ALEKS platform and the remainder used EDUCO. No significant difference in GPA performance was found between the two groups of students using the different platforms. A similar test was made with 1,637 students taught be both full-time and part-time faculty. Again, no significant difference in student GPA performance was found.  
• An Overview of Pre-requisites and Co-Requisites Course Requirements
  In this study we examine the structure of pre- and co-requisite rules as maintained in tables that prevent students from registering incorrectly. Based on a preliminary look, we find that the tables may need updating and revision, and that high rates of exceptions are needed for what appear to be ordinary registration situations. Many hours appear to be spent by students, faculty and staff manually making exceptions to the rules.  
  
• Focus Group Final Report, part I, Credit Student Success Framework
  This report uses students’ own words to describe encounters at LaGuardia within the structure of the Credit Student Success Framework. Each encounter is analyzed in terms of the information available as perceived by the student, policies that frame the encounter, decisions, behaviors and emotions of the student, and implications for future behavior (feedback). The CSS framework divides the encounters into several arenas: the academic path, support communities, measuring progress, college feasibility, career services, and learning support. 
  
• Focus Group Final Report, part II, Credit Student Success Framework
  This report places relevant quotations from students into the structure of the Credit Student Success Framework. Students discuss accelerators and barriers to momentum along their academic path, the importance of connecting to the college, the challenges of financing their education, and the ways they have used technology to navigate and gain academic assistance at the college. 
  
• Adjunct Teaching Levels Fall 2015 and Spring 2016
  In this report we tabulate the proportion of classes and student credit hours taught by adjunct faculty. The tabulations are by semester and session, level and department (also by level). 
  

• Higher Education “Output Costing”
  In this paper we demonstrate a methodology for finding the cost for each type of college “output”: graduate, early transfer, and drop-out. The methodology uses average total Educational and General cost per credit for each year in a student’s academic career and applies that cost to each credit attempted in all the years before the student leaves (“becomes an output”). Each graduate produced during academic year 2010-11 cost $35,519 on average over their entire academic career, while 2010-11 drop-outs cost on average $19,107.  A comparative analysis of national figures is also included.